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SS-31 (Elamipretide): Research Overview

What is SS-31? SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence D-Arg-2',6'-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2. Research describes it concentrating in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it associates with the phospholipid cardiolipin. It is an investigational compound with no approved use, supplied here strictly for laboratory research.
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Technical profile

CompoundSS-31 (elamipretide; Szeto-Schiller peptide 31; also referenced as MTP-131)
ClassSynthetic tetrapeptide (4 amino acids), C-terminal amide
SequenceD-Arg-2',6'-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2
Molecular target studiedCardiolipin, a phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Molecular weightNot stated here — see the batch Certificate of Analysis for the tested specification
Form suppliedLyophilized powder, sealed vial
StorageLyophilized: 2–8 °C, protected from light.
VerificationHPLC purity ≥99%, sterility, endotoxins, heavy metals — documented on the batch COA

What does the research literature cover?

SS-31 is unusual among research peptides in that it has been carried into a formal clinical development program — elamipretide has been studied in human trials by Stealth BioTherapeutics — while remaining an unapproved investigational agent. The published literature spans:

Important context: elamipretide is investigational. Being studied in clinical trials is not the same as being approved, and trial programs may report mixed or negative results. SS-31 has no approved human use in any jurisdiction. Summaries here describe what researchers have studied — they are not claims about effects, safety, or efficacy in humans.

Why purity matters for SS-31 research

Peptide research results are only as reliable as the material in the vial. SS-31 contains non-standard residues — a D-arginine and a dimethylated tyrosine — so synthesis errors, epimerization, or truncated sequences can produce material that is not the peptide the protocol intends to test. Every VP Peptides SS-31 batch ships with a Certificate of Analysis documenting ≥99% HPLC purity plus sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal testing from independent third-party testing.

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Frequently asked questions

Is SS-31 the same thing as the drug elamipretide?

SS-31 and elamipretide refer to the same peptide sequence, but they are not the same product. Elamipretide is an investigational pharmaceutical developed under a regulated clinical program with pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing, formulation, and oversight. Research-grade SS-31 supplied here is a laboratory reagent for in-vitro and preclinical work — it is not a pharmaceutical product, is not manufactured to drug standards, and is not intended for any human use.

Is SS-31 approved for human use?

No. Elamipretide has been studied in clinical trials by Stealth BioTherapeutics, but it is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory agency. Material supplied here is a research chemical only — not a drug, supplement, or food ingredient.

How should SS-31 be stored in the lab?

Lyophilized vials should be kept at 2–8 °C and protected from light.

What does an SS-31 Certificate of Analysis include?

Each batch COA documents HPLC purity against the ≥99% specification, sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal screening results, along with batch number and test date.

Cardiolipin binding and the investigational record

The mechanistic case for SS-31 (elamipretide) is unusually well defined for a peptide in this category, which is one reason it advanced into regulated clinical study. The tetrapeptide carries an alternating aromatic–cationic motif with a net positive charge, and biophysical work indicates it associates selectively with cardiolipin — the signature anionic phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane that is required for the folding of cristae and for organizing the electron-transport machinery. Reported binding is described as dual in nature: an electrostatic interaction with the phosphate head groups and a hydrophobic interaction with the acyl chains. Studies in ischemic mitochondrial preparations have used this cardiolipin association to account for observations of preserved cristae architecture and re-established membrane function in the laboratory setting.

Because the target lies at the structural core of the organelle, the peptide has been examined preclinically across a range of models of mitochondrial dysfunction, and it has been carried into human clinical trials — sponsored under a regulated development program — in primary mitochondrial myopathy and in cardiac and other rare mitochondrial disorders. Published trial reports include randomized, dose-escalation designs measuring functional and biochemical endpoints.

It is important to distinguish the two statuses here: elamipretide is investigational, meaning it has been formally studied in clinical trials, but it is not approved by the FDA, the EMA, or any other regulatory agency for any indication. Research-grade SS-31 supplied for laboratory work is not the clinical product and is not intended for human use. The summaries above describe the published mechanistic and trial literature and are not claims of safety or efficacy in humans.

Selected research references

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Research use only. All products described on this page are furnished for laboratory research purposes only and are not for human or veterinary use, not for use in food or cosmetics, and not for any diagnostic or therapeutic application. Nothing on this page is medical advice or a claim of safety or efficacy in humans. Research summaries reference publicly available preclinical and clinical literature; specific citations are listed in the references above.