Home · Research Catalog · MOTS-c

Longevity & Cellular Research · Research Compound

MOTS-c: Research Overview

What is MOTS-c? MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA rather than the nuclear genome. It appears in laboratory research on AMPK signaling, cellular metabolism, and exercise physiology, mostly in cell and rodent models. It is supplied strictly for laboratory research use.
VP Peptides MOTS-c research vial with box
Actual VP Peptides product · Research use only
Preclinical dominant ≥99% HPLC purity COA with every batch 3rd-party tested Research use only
Mitochondrial signaling — keep the language honest

MOTS-c has a strong mitochondrial / AMPK / metabolic-signaling mechanistic story, but human evidence is limited. Keep it in the language of metabolism and cellular signaling — not performance, recovery or fat-loss claims.

Technical profile

CompoundMOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c)
ClassMitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP), 16 amino acids
Sequence originEncoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA — not the nuclear genome
Molecular weight~2174.6 g/mol (approximate)
Molecular formulaC101H152N28O22S2
Molecular weight2174.6 g/mol
CAS number1627580-64-6
PubChem CID146675088
Form suppliedLyophilized powder, sealed vial
StorageLyophilized: 2–8 °C, protected from light.
VerificationHPLC purity ≥99%, sterility, endotoxins, heavy metals — documented on the batch COA

Evidence at a glance

Research evidence is not one category. Human, animal (preclinical) and in-vitro / mechanistic data differ in strength — often sharply. VP Peptides separates them so no single line overstates the whole picture. Ratings are deliberately conservative and describe the published evidence base, not any effect in humans.

Human clinical
Limited
Animal / preclinical
Moderate
In-vitro / mechanistic
Strong
Regulatory statusMOTS-c is not an FDA-approved drug; a MOTS-c analog (CB4211) completed an early Phase 1a/1b safety study, but no MOTS-c product has advanced to regulatory approval and material sold for research is not an approved therapeutic.
What remains unknown
  • Whether exogenously administered MOTS-c reproduces endogenous exercise-induced signaling in humans
  • Clinical efficacy on hard endpoints beyond observational serum/muscle correlations
  • Pharmacokinetics and long-term human safety

What does the research literature cover?

MOTS-c belongs to a small group of peptides encoded in mitochondrial DNA, and the literature around it is comparatively young. Published work — largely cell-culture and rodent studies, alongside a limited number of small exploratory human studies — has examined it in the context of:

Important context: this is early-stage research. The evidence base is predominantly preclinical, with only small exploratory human investigations reported, and MOTS-c has no approved human use in any jurisdiction. Summaries here describe what researchers have studied — they are not claims about effects, safety, or efficacy in humans.

Why purity matters for MOTS-c research

Peptide research results are only as reliable as the material in the vial. Truncated sequences, deletion impurities, or endotoxin contamination confound experimental outcomes — a particular concern for a 16-residue peptide used in sensitive cell-signaling assays. Every VP Peptides MOTS-c batch ships with a Certificate of Analysis documenting ≥99% HPLC purity plus sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal testing from independent third-party testing.

Request catalog access

Frequently asked questions

Is MOTS-c approved for human use?

No. MOTS-c is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory agency for human use. It is supplied strictly as a research chemical for in-vitro and laboratory investigation. It is not a drug, supplement, or food ingredient.

What makes MOTS-c a "mitochondrial-derived peptide"?

Most peptides studied in laboratories are encoded by nuclear DNA. MOTS-c is instead encoded within the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome, which is why the literature groups it with other mitochondrial-derived peptides such as humanin.

How should MOTS-c be stored in the lab?

Lyophilized vials should be kept at 2–8 °C and protected from light.

What does a MOTS-c Certificate of Analysis include?

Each batch COA documents HPLC purity against the ≥99% specification, sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal screening results, along with batch number and test date.

Mitochondrial signaling & metabolism, in context

MOTS-c first drew research attention because of where it comes from: it is one of a small group of peptides encoded not in the nuclear genome but within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. In the study that introduced it, researchers characterized MOTS-c in cell and rodent models as acting largely in skeletal muscle, where the literature reports it converging on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway — a central cellular energy sensor — by way of the folate–AICAR axis (Lee et al., Cell Metab 2015). Later work described MOTS-c as a mitochondrial "retrograde" signal: under metabolic stress in cultured cells, it was reported to translocate to the nucleus in an AMPK-dependent manner and associate with stress-response gene programs (Kim et al., Cell Metab 2018).

Across this body of work, the questions researchers return to are glucose and energy homeostasis, mitochondrial function markers, and exercise-associated signaling — how a mitochondrially encoded peptide might participate in cellular metabolic regulation. A 2023 review of the field organizes these mechanisms around the folate–AICAR–AMPK pathway while stressing that the evidence base is dominated by preclinical models (Wan et al., J Transl Med 2023).

The essential caveat is scope. Most of what is understood about MOTS-c comes from in-vitro and animal experiments; direct human evidence remains limited and largely observational — for example, measurements of circulating MOTS-c in exercise and metabolic contexts (Dieli-Conwright et al., Sci Rep 2021). These reports describe biology that the research literature investigates — mechanisms of AMPK activation and mitochondrial signaling — not established effects of the research material in people. MOTS-c is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory agency for any use, and nothing here should be read as a metabolic, performance, or body-composition claim.

Selected research references

Related research compounds

Research use only. All products described on this page are furnished for laboratory research purposes only and are not for human or veterinary use, not for use in food or cosmetics, and not for any diagnostic or therapeutic application. Nothing on this page is medical advice or a claim of safety or efficacy in humans. Research summaries reference publicly available preclinical literature; specific citations are listed in the references above.