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PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Research Overview

What is PT-141? PT-141, also called bremelanotide, is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide that acts as an agonist at melanocortin receptors, including MC3R and MC4R. It was derived structurally from melanotan II. Research-grade PT-141 is supplied strictly for laboratory investigation of melanocortin-receptor pharmacology and is not for human consumption.
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Human data available ≥99% HPLC purity COA with every batch 3rd-party tested Research use only
Molecule vs approved drug product

An FDA-approved pharmaceutical containing bremelanotide exists (Vyleesi, 2019). That does not make a research-grade vial of bremelanotide an FDA-approved medicine. VP Peptides research material is not that approved drug product, is not manufactured to its specification, and is supplied strictly for laboratory research.

Technical profile

CompoundPT-141 (bremelanotide)
ClassSynthetic cyclic heptapeptide (7 amino acids); melanocortin-receptor agonist
Receptor targetsMelanocortin receptors, including MC3R and MC4R
Structural originDerived from melanotan II, itself an analogue of the endogenous melanocortin α-MSH
Molecular weight~1025.2 g/mol (approximate)
Form suppliedLyophilized powder, sealed vial
StorageLyophilized: 2–8 °C, protected from light.
VerificationHPLC purity ≥99%, sterility, endotoxins, heavy metals — documented on the batch COA

Evidence at a glance

Research evidence is not one category. Human, animal (preclinical) and in-vitro / mechanistic data differ in strength — often sharply. VP Peptides separates them so no single line overstates the whole picture. Ratings are deliberately conservative and describe the published evidence base, not any effect in humans.

Human clinical
Established
Animal / preclinical
Established
In-vitro / mechanistic
Strong
Regulatory statusAn FDA-approved bremelanotide drug product (Vyleesi) exists for one specific indication (HSDD in premenopausal women, 2019); research-grade bremelanotide sold for laboratory use is not that approved product and is not for human use.
What remains unknown
  • Safety/efficacy outside the narrow approved indication and population
  • Identity, purity and content of non-pharmaceutical research material versus the approved product
  • Effects of non-approved routes, frequencies or long-term use

What does the research literature cover?

PT-141 appears in the literature as a tool compound for studying the melanocortin receptor family. Published work using bremelanotide and closely related melanocortin analogues has examined:

Important context: these summaries describe published pharmacology research on melanocortin-receptor ligands. They are not statements about what the research material supplied here does in humans, and VP Peptides makes no claim of any physiological, therapeutic, or performance effect. Research-grade PT-141 has no approved human use.

Why purity matters for PT-141 research

Receptor-pharmacology work is unusually sensitive to material quality: a few percent of a truncated or ring-opened impurity can shift an apparent binding constant or muddy a dose–response curve. Cyclic peptides in particular can carry linear-precursor and dimer impurities that co-elute unless the analytical method resolves them. Every VP Peptides PT-141 batch ships with a Certificate of Analysis documenting ≥99% HPLC purity plus sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal testing from independent third-party testing.

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Frequently asked questions

Is research-grade PT-141 the same thing as the prescription drug Vyleesi?

No — and the distinction matters. Bremelanotide is the active ingredient in Vyleesi, an FDA-approved prescription pharmaceutical developed by Palatin Technologies and formerly partnered with AMAG Pharmaceuticals. That product is a finished, sterile, regulated drug manufactured under pharmaceutical GMP with an approved label. The research-grade PT-141 supplied by VP Peptides is not that drug, is not manufactured or released as a pharmaceutical, and is not a substitute for it in any respect. It is a laboratory reagent, sold for in-vitro and preclinical research only.

Is PT-141 approved for human use?

The research material described on this page is not approved by the FDA or any other regulatory agency for human use. It is supplied strictly as a research chemical for in-vitro and laboratory investigation, and it is not a drug, supplement, or food ingredient. The existence of an approved pharmaceutical containing bremelanotide does not extend any approval, safety assessment, or indication to research-grade material.

What does a PT-141 Certificate of Analysis include?

Each batch COA documents HPLC purity (≥99% specification), sterility, endotoxin and heavy-metal screening results, along with batch number and test date.

How should PT-141 be stored in the lab?

Lyophilized vials should be kept at 2–8 °C and protected from light.

Melanocortin-receptor signaling, in context

The melanocortin system is a family of five G-protein-coupled receptors (MC1R–MC5R) activated by peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin, such as α-MSH. Bremelanotide is a synthetic analogue of α-MSH that engages these receptors non-selectively; published pharmacology characterises it as an agonist across several subtypes, with reported activity at MC1R and MC4R among others (Molinoff & Shadiack, 2003). MC4R is expressed largely in the central nervous system and is a long-standing focus of neuroscience research into energy balance and neural signalling, while MC1R is best known from pigmentation biology. Mapping how a single cyclic peptide distributes its activity across these subtypes is exactly the receptor-selectivity question that in-vitro and preclinical melanocortin studies are designed to probe.

This mechanistic literature sits alongside a distinct regulatory fact. A finished pharmaceutical containing bremelanotide — Vyleesi — was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2019 for one narrow indication: hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women (FDA, 2019). That approval attaches to a specific, GMP-manufactured, labelled drug product evaluated in controlled trials (Kingsberg et al., 2019). It should not be over-read: an approval for one product, one indication and one population says nothing about research-grade material used in a laboratory.

The research-grade bremelanotide referenced here is not the approved Vyleesi drug product, is not manufactured to its specification, and is supplied only as a laboratory reagent. Nothing in this section describes an effect of the material in humans, and VP Peptides makes no efficacy or sexual-function claim for it. The citations describe published receptor pharmacology and the regulatory record for a separate, approved medicine.

Selected research references

Related research compounds

Research use only. All products described on this page are furnished for laboratory research purposes only and are not for human or veterinary use, not for use in food or cosmetics, and not for any diagnostic or therapeutic application. Nothing on this page is medical advice or a claim of safety or efficacy in humans. Research summaries reference publicly available preclinical literature; specific citations are listed in the references above.